12.2.2.1.25. LSTATE

12.2.2.1.25.1. lstate.h

/*
** $Id: lstate.h $
** Global State
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef lstate_h
#define lstate_h

#include "lua.h"

#include "lobject.h"
#include "ltm.h"
#include "lzio.h"

#include "_native_lua_config.h"  /* native Lua */


/*
** Some notes about garbage-collected objects: All objects in Lua must
** be kept somehow accessible until being freed, so all objects always
** belong to one (and only one) of these lists, using field 'next' of
** the 'CommonHeader' for the link:
**
** 'allgc': all objects not marked for finalization;
** 'finobj': all objects marked for finalization;
** 'tobefnz': all objects ready to be finalized;
** 'fixedgc': all objects that are not to be collected (currently
** only small strings, such as reserved words).
**
** For the generational collector, some of these lists have marks for
** generations. Each mark points to the first element in the list for
** that particular generation; that generation goes until the next mark.
**
** 'allgc' -> 'survival': new objects;
** 'survival' -> 'old': objects that survived one collection;
** 'old' -> 'reallyold': objects that became old in last collection;
** 'reallyold' -> NULL: objects old for more than one cycle.
**
** 'finobj' -> 'finobjsur': new objects marked for finalization;
** 'finobjsur' -> 'finobjold': survived   """";
** 'finobjold' -> 'finobjrold': just old  """";
** 'finobjrold' -> NULL: really old       """".
*/

/*
** Moreover, there is another set of lists that control gray objects.
** These lists are linked by fields 'gclist'. (All objects that
** can become gray have such a field. The field is not the same
** in all objects, but it always has this name.)  Any gray object
** must belong to one of these lists, and all objects in these lists
** must be gray:
**
** 'gray': regular gray objects, still waiting to be visited.
** 'grayagain': objects that must be revisited at the atomic phase.
**   That includes
**   - black objects got in a write barrier;
**   - all kinds of weak tables during propagation phase;
**   - all threads.
** 'weak': tables with weak values to be cleared;
** 'ephemeron': ephemeron tables with white->white entries;
** 'allweak': tables with weak keys and/or weak values to be cleared.
*/



/*
** About 'nCcalls': each thread in Lua (a lua_State) keeps a count of
** how many "C calls" it still can do in the C stack, to avoid C-stack
** overflow.  This count is very rough approximation; it considers only
** recursive functions inside the interpreter, as non-recursive calls
** can be considered using a fixed (although unknown) amount of stack
** space.
**
** The count has two parts: the lower part is the count itself; the
** higher part counts the number of non-yieldable calls in the stack.
** (They are together so that we can change both with one instruction.)
**
** Because calls to external C functions can use an unknown amount
** of space (e.g., functions using an auxiliary buffer), calls
** to these functions add more than one to the count (see CSTACKCF).
**
** The proper count excludes the number of CallInfo structures allocated
** by Lua, as a kind of "potential" calls. So, when Lua calls a function
** (and "consumes" one CallInfo), it needs neither to decrement nor to
** check 'nCcalls', as its use of C stack is already accounted for.
*/

/* number of "C stack slots" used by an external C function */
#define CSTACKCF	10


/*
** The C-stack size is sliced in the following zones:
** - larger than CSTACKERR: normal stack;
** - [CSTACKMARK, CSTACKERR]: buffer zone to signal a stack overflow;
** - [CSTACKCF, CSTACKERRMARK]: error-handling zone;
** - below CSTACKERRMARK: buffer zone to signal overflow during overflow;
** (Because the counter can be decremented CSTACKCF at once, we need
** the so called "buffer zones", with at least that size, to properly
** detect a change from one zone to the next.)
*/
#define CSTACKERR	(8 * CSTACKCF)
#define CSTACKMARK	(CSTACKERR - (CSTACKCF + 2))
#define CSTACKERRMARK	(CSTACKCF + 2)


/* initial limit for the C-stack of threads */
#define CSTACKTHREAD	(2 * CSTACKERR)


/* true if this thread does not have non-yieldable calls in the stack */
#define yieldable(L)		(((L)->nCcalls & 0xffff0000) == 0)

/* real number of C calls */
#define getCcalls(L)	((L)->nCcalls & 0xffff)


/* Increment the number of non-yieldable calls */
#define incnny(L)	((L)->nCcalls += 0x10000)

/* Decrement the number of non-yieldable calls */
#define decnny(L)	((L)->nCcalls -= 0x10000)

/* Increment the number of non-yieldable calls and decrement nCcalls */
#define incXCcalls(L)	((L)->nCcalls += 0x10000 - CSTACKCF)

/* Decrement the number of non-yieldable calls and increment nCcalls */
#define decXCcalls(L)	((L)->nCcalls -= 0x10000 - CSTACKCF)






struct lua_longjmp;  /* defined in ldo.c */


/*
** Atomic type (relative to signals) to better ensure that 'lua_sethook'
** is thread safe
*/
#if !defined(l_signalT)
#include <signal.h>
#define l_signalT	sig_atomic_t
#endif


/* extra stack space to handle TM calls and some other extras */
#define EXTRA_STACK   5


#define BASIC_STACK_SIZE        (2*LUA_MINSTACK)


/* kinds of Garbage Collection */
#define KGC_INC		0	/* incremental gc */
#define KGC_GEN		1	/* generational gc */


typedef struct stringtable {
  TString **hash;
  int nuse;  /* number of elements */
  int size;
} stringtable;


/*
** Information about a call.
*/
typedef struct CallInfo {
  StkId func;  /* function index in the stack */
  StkId	top;  /* top for this function */
  struct CallInfo *previous, *next;  /* dynamic call link */
  union {
    struct {  /* only for Lua functions */
      const Instruction *savedpc;
      volatile l_signalT trap;
      int nextraargs;  /* # of extra arguments in vararg functions */
    } l;
    struct {  /* only for C functions */
      lua_KFunction k;  /* continuation in case of yields */
      ptrdiff_t old_errfunc;
      lua_KContext ctx;  /* context info. in case of yields */
    } c;
  } u;
  union {
    int funcidx;  /* called-function index */
    int nyield;  /* number of values yielded */
    struct {  /* info about transferred values (for call/return hooks) */
      unsigned short ftransfer;  /* offset of first value transferred */
      unsigned short ntransfer;  /* number of values transferred */
    } transferinfo;
  } u2;
  short nresults;  /* expected number of results from this function */
  unsigned short callstatus;
} CallInfo;


/*
** Bits in CallInfo status
*/
#define CIST_OAH	(1<<0)	/* original value of 'allowhook' */
#define CIST_C		(1<<1)	/* call is running a C function */
#define CIST_HOOKED	(1<<2)	/* call is running a debug hook */
#define CIST_YPCALL	(1<<3)	/* call is a yieldable protected call */
#define CIST_TAIL	(1<<4)	/* call was tail called */
#define CIST_HOOKYIELD	(1<<5)	/* last hook called yielded */
#define CIST_FIN	(1<<6)  /* call is running a finalizer */
#define CIST_TRAN	(1<<7)	/* 'ci' has transfer information */
#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_LT_LE)
#define CIST_LEQ	(1<<8)  /* using __lt for __le */
#endif

/* active function is a Lua function */
#define isLua(ci)	(!((ci)->callstatus & CIST_C))

/* call is running Lua code (not a hook) */
#define isLuacode(ci)	(!((ci)->callstatus & (CIST_C | CIST_HOOKED)))

/* assume that CIST_OAH has offset 0 and that 'v' is strictly 0/1 */
#define setoah(st,v)	((st) = ((st) & ~CIST_OAH) | (v))
#define getoah(st)	((st) & CIST_OAH)


/*
** 'global state', shared by all threads of this state
*/
typedef struct global_State {
  lua_Alloc frealloc;  /* function to reallocate memory */
  void *ud;         /* auxiliary data to 'frealloc' */
  l_mem totalbytes;  /* number of bytes currently allocated - GCdebt */
  l_mem GCdebt;  /* bytes allocated not yet compensated by the collector */
  lu_mem GCestimate;  /* an estimate of the non-garbage memory in use */
  lu_mem lastatomic;  /* see function 'genstep' in file 'lgc.c' */
  stringtable strt;  /* hash table for strings */
  TValue l_registry;
  TValue nilvalue;  /* a nil value */
  unsigned int seed;  /* randomized seed for hashes */
  lu_byte currentwhite;
  lu_byte gcstate;  /* state of garbage collector */
  lu_byte gckind;  /* kind of GC running */
  lu_byte genminormul;  /* control for minor generational collections */
  lu_byte genmajormul;  /* control for major generational collections */
  lu_byte gcrunning;  /* true if GC is running */
  lu_byte gcemergency;  /* true if this is an emergency collection */
  lu_byte gcpause;  /* size of pause between successive GCs */
  lu_byte gcstepmul;  /* GC "speed" */
  lu_byte gcstepsize;  /* (log2 of) GC granularity */
  GCObject *allgc;  /* list of all collectable objects */
  GCObject **sweepgc;  /* current position of sweep in list */
  GCObject *finobj;  /* list of collectable objects with finalizers */
  GCObject *gray;  /* list of gray objects */
  GCObject *grayagain;  /* list of objects to be traversed atomically */
  GCObject *weak;  /* list of tables with weak values */
  GCObject *ephemeron;  /* list of ephemeron tables (weak keys) */
  GCObject *allweak;  /* list of all-weak tables */
  GCObject *tobefnz;  /* list of userdata to be GC */
  GCObject *fixedgc;  /* list of objects not to be collected */
  /* fields for generational collector */
  GCObject *survival;  /* start of objects that survived one GC cycle */
  GCObject *old;  /* start of old objects */
  GCObject *reallyold;  /* old objects with more than one cycle */
  GCObject *finobjsur;  /* list of survival objects with finalizers */
  GCObject *finobjold;  /* list of old objects with finalizers */
  GCObject *finobjrold;  /* list of really old objects with finalizers */
  struct lua_State *twups;  /* list of threads with open upvalues */
  lua_CFunction panic;  /* to be called in unprotected errors */
  struct lua_State *mainthread;
  TString *memerrmsg;  /* message for memory-allocation errors */
  TString *tmname[TM_N];  /* array with tag-method names */
  struct Table *mt[LUA_NUMTAGS];  /* metatables for basic types */
  TString *strcache[STRCACHE_N][STRCACHE_M];  /* cache for strings in API */
  lua_WarnFunction warnf;  /* warning function */
  void *ud_warn;         /* auxiliary data to 'warnf' */
  unsigned int Cstacklimit;  /* current limit for the C stack */
} global_State;


/*
** 'per thread' state
*/
struct lua_State {
  CommonHeader;
  lu_byte status;
  lu_byte allowhook;
  unsigned short nci;  /* number of items in 'ci' list */
  StkId top;  /* first free slot in the stack */
  global_State *l_G;
  CallInfo *ci;  /* call info for current function */
  const Instruction *oldpc;  /* last pc traced */
  StkId stack_last;  /* last free slot in the stack */
  StkId stack;  /* stack base */
  UpVal *openupval;  /* list of open upvalues in this stack */
  GCObject *gclist;
  struct lua_State *twups;  /* list of threads with open upvalues */
  struct lua_longjmp *errorJmp;  /* current error recover point */
  CallInfo base_ci;  /* CallInfo for first level (C calling Lua) */
  volatile lua_Hook hook;
  ptrdiff_t errfunc;  /* current error handling function (stack index) */
  l_uint32 nCcalls;  /* number of allowed nested C calls - 'nci' */
  int stacksize;
  int basehookcount;
  int hookcount;
  volatile l_signalT hookmask;
};


#define G(L)	(L->l_G)


/*
** Union of all collectable objects (only for conversions)
*/
union GCUnion {
  GCObject gc;  /* common header */
  struct TString ts;
  struct Udata u;
  union Closure cl;
  struct Table h;
  struct Proto p;
  struct lua_State th;  /* thread */
  struct UpVal upv;
};


#define cast_u(o)	cast(union GCUnion *, (o))

/* macros to convert a GCObject into a specific value */
#define gco2ts(o)  \
	check_exp(novariant((o)->tt) == LUA_TSTRING, &((cast_u(o))->ts))
#define gco2u(o)  check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_VUSERDATA, &((cast_u(o))->u))
#define gco2lcl(o)  check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_VLCL, &((cast_u(o))->cl.l))
#define gco2ccl(o)  check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_VCCL, &((cast_u(o))->cl.c))
#define gco2cl(o)  \
	check_exp(novariant((o)->tt) == LUA_TFUNCTION, &((cast_u(o))->cl))
#define gco2t(o)  check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_VTABLE, &((cast_u(o))->h))
#define gco2p(o)  check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_VPROTO, &((cast_u(o))->p))
#define gco2th(o)  check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_VTHREAD, &((cast_u(o))->th))
#define gco2upv(o)	check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_VUPVAL, &((cast_u(o))->upv))


/*
** macro to convert a Lua object into a GCObject
** (The access to 'tt' tries to ensure that 'v' is actually a Lua object.)
*/
#define obj2gco(v)	check_exp((v)->tt >= LUA_TSTRING, &(cast_u(v)->gc))


/* actual number of total bytes allocated */
#define gettotalbytes(g)	cast(lu_mem, (g)->totalbytes + (g)->GCdebt)

LUAI_FUNC void luaE_setdebt (global_State *g, l_mem debt);
LUAI_FUNC void luaE_freethread (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1);
LUAI_FUNC CallInfo *luaE_extendCI (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaE_freeCI (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaE_shrinkCI (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaE_enterCcall (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaE_warning (lua_State *L, const char *msg, int tocont);
LUAI_FUNC void luaE_warnerror (lua_State *L, const char *where);


#define luaE_exitCcall(L)	((L)->nCcalls++)

#endif

---

12.2.2.1.25.2. lstate.c

/*
** $Id: lstate.c $
** Global State
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lstate_c
#define LUA_CORE

#include "lprefix.h"


#include <stddef.h>
#include <string.h>

#include "lua.h"

#include "lapi.h"
#include "ldebug.h"
#include "ldo.h"
#include "lfunc.h"
#include "lgc.h"
#include "llex.h"
#include "lmem.h"
#include "lstate.h"
#include "lstring.h"
#include "ltable.h"
#include "ltm.h"



/*
** thread state + extra space
*/
typedef struct LX {
  lu_byte extra_[LUA_EXTRASPACE];
  lua_State l;
} LX;


/*
** Main thread combines a thread state and the global state
*/
typedef struct LG {
  LX l;
  global_State g;
} LG;



#define fromstate(L)	(cast(LX *, cast(lu_byte *, (L)) - offsetof(LX, l)))


/*
** A macro to create a "random" seed when a state is created;
** the seed is used to randomize string hashes.
*/
#if !defined(luai_makeseed)

#include <time.h>

/*
** Compute an initial seed with some level of randomness.
** Rely on Address Space Layout Randomization (if present) and
** current time.
*/
#define addbuff(b,p,e) \
  { size_t t = cast_sizet(e); \
    memcpy(b + p, &t, sizeof(t)); p += sizeof(t); }

static unsigned int luai_makeseed (lua_State *L) {
  char buff[3 * sizeof(size_t)];
  unsigned int h = cast_uint(time(NULL));
  int p = 0;
  addbuff(buff, p, L);  /* heap variable */
  addbuff(buff, p, &h);  /* local variable */
  addbuff(buff, p, &lua_newstate);  /* public function */
  lua_assert(p == sizeof(buff));
  return luaS_hash(buff, p, h, 1);
}

#endif


/*
** set GCdebt to a new value keeping the value (totalbytes + GCdebt)
** invariant (and avoiding underflows in 'totalbytes')
*/
void luaE_setdebt (global_State *g, l_mem debt) {
  l_mem tb = gettotalbytes(g);
  lua_assert(tb > 0);
  if (debt < tb - MAX_LMEM)
    debt = tb - MAX_LMEM;  /* will make 'totalbytes == MAX_LMEM' */
  g->totalbytes = tb - debt;
  g->GCdebt = debt;
}


LUA_API int lua_setcstacklimit (lua_State *L, unsigned int limit) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  int ccalls;
  luaE_freeCI(L);  /* release unused CIs */
  ccalls = getCcalls(L);
  if (limit >= 40000)
    return 0;  /* out of bounds */
  limit += CSTACKERR;
  if (L != g-> mainthread)
    return 0;  /* only main thread can change the C stack */
  else if (ccalls <= CSTACKERR)
    return 0;  /* handling overflow */
  else {
    int diff = limit - g->Cstacklimit;
    if (ccalls + diff <= CSTACKERR)
      return 0;  /* new limit would cause an overflow */
    g->Cstacklimit = limit;  /* set new limit */
    L->nCcalls += diff;  /* correct 'nCcalls' */
    return limit - diff - CSTACKERR;  /* success; return previous limit */
  }
}


/*
** Decrement count of "C calls" and check for overflows. In case of
** a stack overflow, check appropriate error ("regular" overflow or
** overflow while handling stack overflow).  If 'nCcalls' is smaller
** than CSTACKERR but larger than CSTACKMARK, it means it has just
** entered the "overflow zone", so the function raises an overflow
** error.  If 'nCcalls' is smaller than CSTACKMARK (which means it is
** already handling an overflow) but larger than CSTACKERRMARK, does
** not report an error (to allow message handling to work). Otherwise,
** report a stack overflow while handling a stack overflow (probably
** caused by a repeating error in the message handling function).
*/

void luaE_enterCcall (lua_State *L) {
  int ncalls = getCcalls(L);
  L->nCcalls--;
  if (ncalls <= CSTACKERR) {  /* possible overflow? */
    luaE_freeCI(L);  /* release unused CIs */
    ncalls = getCcalls(L);  /* update call count */
    if (ncalls <= CSTACKERR) {  /* still overflow? */
      if (ncalls <= CSTACKERRMARK)  /* below error-handling zone? */
        luaD_throw(L, LUA_ERRERR);  /* error while handling stack error */
      else if (ncalls >= CSTACKMARK) {
        /* not in error-handling zone; raise the error now */
        L->nCcalls = (CSTACKMARK - 1);  /* enter error-handling zone */
        luaG_runerror(L, "C stack overflow");
      }
      /* else stack is in the error-handling zone;
         allow message handler to work */
    }
  }
}


CallInfo *luaE_extendCI (lua_State *L) {
  CallInfo *ci;
  lua_assert(L->ci->next == NULL);
  luaE_enterCcall(L);
  ci = luaM_new(L, CallInfo);
  lua_assert(L->ci->next == NULL);
  L->ci->next = ci;
  ci->previous = L->ci;
  ci->next = NULL;
  ci->u.l.trap = 0;
  L->nci++;
  return ci;
}


/*
** free all CallInfo structures not in use by a thread
*/
void luaE_freeCI (lua_State *L) {
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci;
  CallInfo *next = ci->next;
  ci->next = NULL;
  L->nCcalls += L->nci;  /* add removed elements back to 'nCcalls' */
  while ((ci = next) != NULL) {
    next = ci->next;
    luaM_free(L, ci);
    L->nci--;
  }
  L->nCcalls -= L->nci;  /* adjust result */
}


/*
** free half of the CallInfo structures not in use by a thread,
** keeping the first one.
*/
void luaE_shrinkCI (lua_State *L) {
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci->next;  /* first free CallInfo */
  CallInfo *next;
  if (ci == NULL)
    return;  /* no extra elements */
  L->nCcalls += L->nci;  /* add removed elements back to 'nCcalls' */
  while ((next = ci->next) != NULL) {  /* two extra elements? */
    CallInfo *next2 = next->next;  /* next's next */
    ci->next = next2;  /* remove next from the list */
    L->nci--;
    luaM_free(L, next);  /* free next */
    if (next2 == NULL)
      break;  /* no more elements */
    else {
      next2->previous = ci;
      ci = next2;  /* continue */
    }
  }
  L->nCcalls -= L->nci;  /* adjust result */
}


static void stack_init (lua_State *L1, lua_State *L) {
  int i; CallInfo *ci;
  /* initialize stack array */
  L1->stack = luaM_newvector(L, BASIC_STACK_SIZE, StackValue);
  L1->stacksize = BASIC_STACK_SIZE;
  for (i = 0; i < BASIC_STACK_SIZE; i++)
    setnilvalue(s2v(L1->stack + i));  /* erase new stack */
  L1->top = L1->stack;
  L1->stack_last = L1->stack + L1->stacksize - EXTRA_STACK;
  /* initialize first ci */
  ci = &L1->base_ci;
  ci->next = ci->previous = NULL;
  ci->callstatus = CIST_C;
  ci->func = L1->top;
  ci->u.c.k = NULL;
  ci->nresults = 0;
  setnilvalue(s2v(L1->top));  /* 'function' entry for this 'ci' */
  L1->top++;
  ci->top = L1->top + LUA_MINSTACK;
  L1->ci = ci;
}


static void freestack (lua_State *L) {
  if (L->stack == NULL)
    return;  /* stack not completely built yet */
  L->ci = &L->base_ci;  /* free the entire 'ci' list */
  luaE_freeCI(L);
  lua_assert(L->nci == 0);
  luaM_freearray(L, L->stack, L->stacksize);  /* free stack array */
}


/*
** Create registry table and its predefined values
*/
static void init_registry (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  TValue temp;
  /* create registry */
  Table *registry = luaH_new(L);
  sethvalue(L, &g->l_registry, registry);
  luaH_resize(L, registry, LUA_RIDX_LAST, 0);
  /* registry[LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD] = L */
  setthvalue(L, &temp, L);  /* temp = L */
  luaH_setint(L, registry, LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD, &temp);
  /* registry[LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS] = table of globals */
  sethvalue(L, &temp, luaH_new(L));  /* temp = new table (global table) */
  luaH_setint(L, registry, LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS, &temp);
}


/*
** open parts of the state that may cause memory-allocation errors.
** ('g->nilvalue' being a nil value flags that the state was completely
** build.)
*/
static void f_luaopen (lua_State *L, void *ud) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  UNUSED(ud);
  stack_init(L, L);  /* init stack */
  init_registry(L, g);
  luaS_init(L);
  luaT_init(L);
  luaX_init(L);
  g->gcrunning = 1;  /* allow gc */
  setnilvalue(&g->nilvalue);
  luai_userstateopen(L);
}


/*
** preinitialize a thread with consistent values without allocating
** any memory (to avoid errors)
*/
static void preinit_thread (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  G(L) = g;
  L->stack = NULL;
  L->ci = NULL;
  L->nci = 0;
  L->stacksize = 0;
  L->twups = L;  /* thread has no upvalues */
  L->errorJmp = NULL;
  L->hook = NULL;
  L->hookmask = 0;
  L->basehookcount = 0;
  L->allowhook = 1;
  resethookcount(L);
  L->openupval = NULL;
  L->status = LUA_OK;
  L->errfunc = 0;
}


static void close_state (lua_State *L) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  luaF_close(L, L->stack, CLOSEPROTECT);  /* close all upvalues */
  luaC_freeallobjects(L);  /* collect all objects */
  if (ttisnil(&g->nilvalue))  /* closing a fully built state? */
    luai_userstateclose(L);
  luaM_freearray(L, G(L)->strt.hash, G(L)->strt.size);
  freestack(L);
  lua_assert(gettotalbytes(g) == sizeof(LG));
  (*g->frealloc)(g->ud, fromstate(L), sizeof(LG), 0);  /* free main block */
}


LUA_API lua_State *lua_newthread (lua_State *L) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  lua_State *L1;
  lua_lock(L);
  luaC_checkGC(L);
  /* create new thread */
  L1 = &cast(LX *, luaM_newobject(L, LUA_TTHREAD, sizeof(LX)))->l;
  L1->marked = luaC_white(g);
  L1->tt = LUA_VTHREAD;
  /* link it on list 'allgc' */
  L1->next = g->allgc;
  g->allgc = obj2gco(L1);
  /* anchor it on L stack */
  setthvalue2s(L, L->top, L1);
  api_incr_top(L);
  preinit_thread(L1, g);
  L1->nCcalls = getCcalls(L);
  L1->hookmask = L->hookmask;
  L1->basehookcount = L->basehookcount;
  L1->hook = L->hook;
  resethookcount(L1);
  /* initialize L1 extra space */
  memcpy(lua_getextraspace(L1), lua_getextraspace(g->mainthread),
         LUA_EXTRASPACE);
  luai_userstatethread(L, L1);
  stack_init(L1, L);  /* init stack */
  lua_unlock(L);
  return L1;
}


void luaE_freethread (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1) {
  LX *l = fromstate(L1);
  luaF_close(L1, L1->stack, NOCLOSINGMETH);  /* close all upvalues */
  lua_assert(L1->openupval == NULL);
  luai_userstatefree(L, L1);
  freestack(L1);
  luaM_free(L, l);
}


int lua_resetthread (lua_State *L) {
  CallInfo *ci;
  int status;
  lua_lock(L);
  L->ci = ci = &L->base_ci;  /* unwind CallInfo list */
  setnilvalue(s2v(L->stack));  /* 'function' entry for basic 'ci' */
  ci->func = L->stack;
  ci->callstatus = CIST_C;
  status = luaF_close(L, L->stack, CLOSEPROTECT);
  if (status != CLOSEPROTECT)  /* real errors? */
    luaD_seterrorobj(L, status, L->stack + 1);
  else {
    status = LUA_OK;
    L->top = L->stack + 1;
  }
  ci->top = L->top + LUA_MINSTACK;
  L->status = status;
  lua_unlock(L);
  return status;
}


LUA_API lua_State *lua_newstate (lua_Alloc f, void *ud) {
  int i;
  lua_State *L;
  global_State *g;
  LG *l = cast(LG *, (*f)(ud, NULL, LUA_TTHREAD, sizeof(LG)));
  if (l == NULL) return NULL;
  L = &l->l.l;
  g = &l->g;
  L->tt = LUA_VTHREAD;
  g->currentwhite = bitmask(WHITE0BIT);
  L->marked = luaC_white(g);
  preinit_thread(L, g);
  g->allgc = obj2gco(L);  /* by now, only object is the main thread */
  L->next = NULL;
  g->Cstacklimit = L->nCcalls = LUAI_MAXCSTACK + CSTACKERR;
  g->frealloc = f;
  g->ud = ud;
  g->warnf = NULL;
  g->ud_warn = NULL;
  g->mainthread = L;
  g->seed = luai_makeseed(L);
  g->gcrunning = 0;  /* no GC while building state */
  g->strt.size = g->strt.nuse = 0;
  g->strt.hash = NULL;
  setnilvalue(&g->l_registry);
  g->panic = NULL;
  g->gcstate = GCSpause;
  g->gckind = KGC_INC;
  g->gcemergency = 0;
  g->finobj = g->tobefnz = g->fixedgc = NULL;
  g->survival = g->old = g->reallyold = NULL;
  g->finobjsur = g->finobjold = g->finobjrold = NULL;
  g->sweepgc = NULL;
  g->gray = g->grayagain = NULL;
  g->weak = g->ephemeron = g->allweak = NULL;
  g->twups = NULL;
  g->totalbytes = sizeof(LG);
  g->GCdebt = 0;
  g->lastatomic = 0;
  setivalue(&g->nilvalue, 0);  /* to signal that state is not yet built */
  setgcparam(g->gcpause, LUAI_GCPAUSE);
  setgcparam(g->gcstepmul, LUAI_GCMUL);
  g->gcstepsize = LUAI_GCSTEPSIZE;
  setgcparam(g->genmajormul, LUAI_GENMAJORMUL);
  g->genminormul = LUAI_GENMINORMUL;
  for (i=0; i < LUA_NUMTAGS; i++) g->mt[i] = NULL;
  if (luaD_rawrunprotected(L, f_luaopen, NULL) != LUA_OK) {
    /* memory allocation error: free partial state */
    close_state(L);
    L = NULL;
  }
  return L;
}


LUA_API void lua_close (lua_State *L) {
  L = G(L)->mainthread;  /* only the main thread can be closed */
  lua_lock(L);
  close_state(L);
}


void luaE_warning (lua_State *L, const char *msg, int tocont) {
  lua_WarnFunction wf = G(L)->warnf;
  if (wf != NULL)
    wf(G(L)->ud_warn, msg, tocont);
}


/*
** Generate a warning from an error message
*/
void luaE_warnerror (lua_State *L, const char *where) {
  TValue *errobj = s2v(L->top - 1);  /* error object */
  const char *msg = (ttisstring(errobj))
                  ? svalue(errobj)
                  : "error object is not a string";
  /* produce warning "error in %s (%s)" (where, msg) */
  luaE_warning(L, "error in ", 1);
  luaE_warning(L, where, 1);
  luaE_warning(L, " (", 1);
  luaE_warning(L, msg, 1);
  luaE_warning(L, ")", 0);
}